Impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s Economy

Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of the world most terribly influenced by AIDS.   By the end of 2004 it was estimated that twenty-six million inhabitants in Sub-Saharan Africa were suffering from AIDS. Approximately seven to eight per cent of the grown population is affected, with occurrence rates getting as high as forty per cent in a few countries.Females are strangely infected, with adolescent girls five times more prone than teenage boys to catch AIDS. In 2004 only, two million people expired of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.However the epidemic has far stretched from its peak, since infectivity rates are still exceeded casualties from AIDS. Due to the gap between infectivity and successive death, we have until now to see the full impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s society as a whole.There have been differing opinions over how AIDS has affected the economic future of the African continent. Mixed messages on the true economic repercussions of the spread of the disease have contributed to a limited response, despite the inclusion of combating AIDS in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).One of the least studied but most significant areas of the epidemic's impact is rural agriculture. Though long de-prioritized, rural agriculture is a source of livelihood for millions on the African continent and is now again being perceived as a crucial contributor to economic growth and development by such organizations as the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).Hunger, food aid and agricultural subsidies are all key elements of the current discourse on Africa in policy circles and in the media, but few studies have assessed the impact of AIDS on agriculture to push for specific interventions to mitigate the impact of the epidemic on rural agriculture.This disease has affected millions of people and since many of them are farmers therefore it has indirectly affected agriculture also. Since agriculture is a major source of capital for individuals and t he country therefore it has affected the economy of Africa also. It seems clear that such high levels of illness and mortality will severely hamper economic performance in the most heavily affected countries.Yet over the last decade, a number of macroeconomic studies have declared that AIDS is not having a significant impact on GDP growth. These analyses are important because they provide ammunition that allows statesmen and scholars to dismiss the epidemic as not worthy of action and funding.In circles of power around the world, it is money that drives policy initiatives. The claim that AIDS is not impacting economic performance speaks loudly and prevents aggressive intervention.( n5)This paper will start with an assessment of a number of the macroeconomic studies that aim to measure the impact of AIDS on GDP growth, and which contribute to the justification of a limited international response to the disease.Macroeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDSThe assessments of the macroec onomic impact of AIDS have been largely dismissive due to the unique character of the epidemic. AIDS affects the poorest of the poor: those who are not recognized or measured by traditional macroeconomic indicators. (Ruxin, 2004)As a UN report on â€Å"The Impact of AIDS† notes, â€Å"those rural people whose activities are not counted by standard measurements of economic performance and productivity are among the most vulnerable to the impact of AIDS.†( Bloom,   Mahal, 1997, 108)By not fully accounting for the informal sector, the rural economy and small-scale agriculture are largely dismissed, and women, who play a large role in the informal economy and agricultural sector, are marginalized. While the macroeconomic studies assessing the impact of AIDS disregard them, in fact it is the poor, the rural and women who are most affected by the disease.After decades of neglect by governments and abandonment by structural adjustment programs, there is a renewed focus on a griculture by international organizations and groups such as the World Bank and NEPAD. Agriculture is once again being seen as a driving force for growth in Africa.The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) released in July 2003 states that â€Å"the high economic growth rates envisaged by NEPAD cannot be realized unless farm production is significantly increased. Higher output will directly reduce hunger and bring down the cost of food imports.It will also have wider economic benefits, from stimulating rural incomes to providing raw materials for African industry.†(Harsch, 2004, 13) However, the rural areas are where AIDS is having its most devastating impact.At a time when population growth is high relative to other emerging economies, the amount of arable land is stable, the quality of land is degrading, and output per hectare stagnant, the rural areas are under increased pressure.Adding the AIDS epidemic into an already precarious mix of factors fo rces the agricultural sector into a dangerous downward spiral and threatens hopes for economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa.Few of the macroeconomic studies specifically address rural livelihoods and agriculture. They also assess the impact of AIDS without acknowledging that, from an economic point of view, the primary impact of the disease manifests mainly among individual economic agents, i.e. individuals and households. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)As a result, these macroeconomic models often fail to allow for the effects of a number of important microeconomic impacts which are endogenous to such models. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)Though the death of an individual might only represent a minor change in GDP, the macroeconomists fail to understand the ripple effect chronic illness and death has on communities. The impoverishment of communities cascades upwards and impacts macroeconomic measures. The traditional macroeconomic research approach is not sufficient in the face of the widespr ead devastation of AIDS.Microeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDSIt is vital for researchers to conduct microeconomic household-level studies on the impact of AIDS. Such analyses document the economic choices that households and individuals are forced to make in the face of the epidemic in terms of household composition, labor, productivity, savings and coping strategies.It is these behaviors that will inform observers of the real impact the epidemic is having on sub-Saharan Africa and will thus serve as the basis for understanding the effect of AIDS on families, communities and the nation.Rural Household StudiesIt is clear from existing microeconomic household-level analyses that AIDS is devastating and will continue to devastate Sub-Saharan Africa's rural agricultural sector and, through it, undermines the agricultural and rural revival that many see as the basis of Africa's recovery.As Carolyn Baylies notes, â€Å"AIDS is having a profound effect, undermining rural household production, contributing to declining agricultural output and affecting the very integrity of families and their sustainability as viable units.†(Baylies, 2002, 12)This paper will now delve into a number of the microeconomic studies, with a focus on rural agricultural household studies, to assess the house hold level impact of the epidemic and to investigate the effects that the macroeconomic analyses have largely missed.A 2002 household impact study conducted in South Africa by Frederick Booysen and Max Bachmann explores the impact of AIDS on families in the Free State province. Researchers note that deaths in the households due to AIDS mostly occurred in individuals in their 20s and 30s.A Rwandan study revealed that, for those that died, the average period of illness before death was 23 months: a long period during which care had to be provided and medicines sought. (Donovan, 2003) Household illness dramatically increases the dependency ratio in the home.Booysen and Bachmann note that the households affected by AIDS in fact have a smaller supply of labor than non-affected households, with a larger proportion of the household consisting of children and elderly persons. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Furthermore, dependency is exacerbated by the fact that many individuals return to their rural homes to receive terminal care after becoming ill. (Jayne, 2002)The South African study also assesses the impact of AIDS on household income. The authors note that â€Å"per capita and adult equivalent income in affected households represents only between 50% and 60% of the levels of income in non-affected households.†(Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)This dramatic drop results not only from the loss of labor of the infected individual but also from the burden of care that falls on family members. Importantly, Booysen and Bachmann also explore the impact of the disease on expenditure levels.AIDS significantly alters the consumption patterns of households: â€Å"per capit a and adult equivalent expenditure is between 60% and 70% of the levels of expenditure in non-affected households.† (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Notably, affected households spend less on food than non-affected households, which has a negative impact on the health of household members.

Men vs women

Men vs.. Women Along the last centuries women have fought to be treated as equals to men. They have tried to have the same opportunities, the same rights and to fulfill the same roles. The battle between sexes seems to have ended some decades ago. As a result, in modern times the lives of women and men are similar as regards responsibilities and privileges. But being born a woman I have always thought that the sole fact of being a man could make my life easier in different aspects. To start with, men grow old with more dignity than women.Wrinkles, grey hairs and beer bellies are signs of aging which men accept and which look well on them while women, on the other hand, will make everything possible to look younger since beauty, for most of them, is related to youth. For this, they will starve week after week to look slimmer; they will use any kind of cream that promises effective results and they will even undergo painful surgeries to change their appearance. What ‘s more, to l ook good women need more time than men. Choosing the perfect outfit, wearing a natural make-up, axing their whole bodies and doing their hair takes a lot of effort and preparation.Men only need to grab any clean shirt at hand, shave and wear a nice perfume and they are ready to go out. But the most important advantage of being a man, as regards physical differences, is none of the ones mentioned up to this point. Men do not need a toilet when they feel the need to pass water; any bush, tree or corner is enough for them to do so. At any moment, they may relieve themselves in the road while traveling, In the street or at any place they feel like. For women It Is not so ass. Women need toilets. The main problem Is that. At public places. Staterooms are always full and do not usually have toilet paper or clean seat covers. Besides all this, men have more freedom than women. They do not usually take care of the children or change their schedules because one of them has a high temperature . They do not worry about their meals, homework or daily activities because they have a wife that does so. They just go out with their couples or friends having their minds in peace because someone else has taken care of everything before they left the house. In addition, they do not even need company to go to a bar to have a drink or to any other social event.It is very common to see men alone enjoying to be by themselves. In contrast, although women socialize more than men because they are more talkative and open to meet new people, they generally do not go out alone to relax or have fun. They try to plan a get-together with friends whenever their nannies are available to keep an eye on their children. Another reason for women to go out In groups Is that there Is an Implicit knowledge among our society that women alone In social events are not just enjoying the moment but looking for something else, for example men.Socially speaking, men have been benefited over women. Finally, mu ch has been said about women s and men's intelligence. Men have simple minds and use better thinking strategies. One clear example of this is that they have made women believe they are useless in chores related to the house. But it is not true that men cannot do the cleaning or the laundry In the same way women do. Fact, do things wrongly on purpose to avoid offering help again in the future. Moreover, they can only handle one task at a time.So while they lay the table, with a stroke of luck, a woman is cooking with the four hobs turned on with a boiling pot on each of them and at the same time watching a TV show and answering her children s demands. For men being â€Å"useless† ends being a benefit. Another point to take into account as regards men's and women's intelligence is that the first usually speak using short sentences to get to the point and avoid details. This has been proved to be a very effective technique in many fields, as for giving instructions, explaining o ne's ideas or scold the children.Women instead need the double of words to express the same and end being criticized or laugh at. To sum up, life would be much easier if I were a man. I would not have to work so hard every day to look beautiful, I would have plenty of free time to do whatever I like and I would not complicate my life trying to explain ideas that would never be understood. This may not sound well to the ears of feminists but men are still enjoying the benefits of their gender and they will keep doing so for many years to come.

Siege of Louisbourg in the French and Indian War

The Siege of Louisbourg lasted from June 8 to July 26, 1758, and was part of the French Indian War (1754-1763). Located on the approaches to the St. Lawrence River, the fortress at Louisbourg was a critical part of New Frances defenses. Eager to strike at Quebec, the British first attempted to take the town in 1757 but were thwarted. A second attempt in 1758 saw a large expedition led by Major General Jeffery Amherst and Admiral Edward Boscawen land forces near the town and conduct a siege of its defenses. After several weeks of fighting, Louisbourg fell to Amhersts men and the path to advancing up the St. Lawrence had been opened. Background Situated on Cape Breton Island, the fortress town of Louisbourg had been captured from the French by American colonial forces in 1745 during the War of the Austrian Succession. With the end of the conflict in 1748, it was returned to the French in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in exchange for Madras, India. This decision proved controversial in Britain as it was understood that Louisbourg was critical to the defense of French holdings in North America as it controlled the approaches to the St. Lawrence River. Nine years later, with the French Indian War underway, it again became necessary for the British to capture Louisbourg as a precursor to a move against Quebec. In 1757, Lord Loudoun, the British commander in North America, planned to fight on the defensive along the frontier while mounting an expedition against Quebec. A change in administration in London coupled with delays in receiving orders ultimately saw the expedition redirected against Louisbourg. The effort ultimately failed due to the arrival of French naval reinforcements and severe weather.   A Second Attempt The failure in 1757 led Prime Minister William Pitt (the Elder) to make the capture of Louisbourg a priority in 1758. To accomplish this, a large force was assembled under the command of Admiral Edward Boscawen. This expedition sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia in late May 1758. Moving up the coast, Boscawens fleet met the ship carrying Major General Jeffery Amherst who had been assigned to oversee the ground forces. The two assessed the situation planned to land the invasion force along the shores of Gabarus Bay. Armies Commanders: British Major General Jeffery AmherstAdmiral Edward BoscawenBrigadier General James Wolfe14,000 men, 12,000 sailors/marines40 warships French Chevalier de Drucour3,500 men, 3,500 sailors/marines5 warships French Preparations Aware of British intentions, the French commander at Louisbourg, Chevalier de Drucour, made preparations to repel the British landing and resist a siege. Along the shores of Gabarus Bay, entrenchments and gun emplacements were built, while five ships of the line were positioned to defend the harbor approaches. Arriving off Gabarus Bay, the British were delayed in landing by unfavorable weather. Finally on June 8, the landing force set out under the command of Brigadier General James Wolfe and supported by the guns of Boscawens fleet. This effort was aided by feints against White Point and Flat Point by Brigadier Generals Charles Lawrence and Edward Whitmore. Coming Ashore Meeting heavy resistance from the French defenses near the beach, Wolfes boats were forced to fall back. As they retreated, several drifted to the east and spotted a small landing area protected by large rocks. Going ashore, British light infantry secured a small beachhead which allowed for the landing of the remainder of Wolfes men. Attacking, his men hit the French line from the flank and rear forcing them to retreat back to Louisbourg. Largely in control of the country around the town, Amhersts men endured rough seas and boggy terrain as they landed their supplies and guns. Overcoming these issues, they commenced an advance against the town. The Siege Begins As the British siege train moved towards Louisbourg and lines were constructed opposite its defenses, Wolfe was ordered to move around the harbor and capture Lighthouse Point. Marching with 1,220 picked men, he succeeded in his objective on June 12. Constructing a battery on the point, Wolfe was in prime position to bombard the harbor and the water side of the town. On June 19, British guns opened fire on Louisbourg. Hammering the towns walls, the bombardment from Amhersts artillery was met by fire from 218 French guns. The French Position Weakens As the days passed, French fire began to slacken as their guns became disabled and the towns walls were reduced. While Drucour was determined to hold out, fortunes quickly turned against him on July 21. As the bombardment continued, a mortar shell from the battery on Lighthouse Point struck Le Cà ©là ¨bre in the harbor causing an explosion and setting the ship on fire. Fanned by a strong wind, the fire grew and soon consumed the two adjacent ships, Le Capricieux and LEntreprenant. In a single stroke, Drucour had lost sixty percent of his naval strength. Final Days The French position worsened further two days later when heated British shot set the Kings Bastion on fire. Situated inside the fortress, the Kings Bastion served as the fortress headquarters and was one of the largest buildings in North America. The loss of this, quickly followed by the burning of the Queens Bastion, crippled French morale. On July 25, Boscawen dispatched a cutting out party to capture or destroy the two remaining French warships. Slipping into the harbor, they captured Bienfaisant and burned Prudent. Bienfaisant was sailed out of the harbor and joined the British fleet. Realizing that all was lost, Drucour surrendered the town the following day. Aftermath The siege of Louisbourg cost Amherst 172 killed and 355 wounded, while the French suffered 102 killed, 303 wounded, and the remainder taken prisoner. In addition, four French warships were burned and one captured. The victory at Louisbourg opened the way for the British to campaign up the St. Lawrence River with the goal of taking Quebec. Following that citys surrender in 1759, British engineers began the systematic reduction of Louisbourgs defenses to prevent it being returned to the French by any future peace treaty.

Grit Is Necessary For Success - 886 Words

Grit is Necessary for Success In today’s economy, jobs have become more specialized and more technology-driven than ever before. The requirements for higher levels of education and training have increased; especially in mathematics and science—than did most of the jobs available to high school graduates in the past. To enter the workforce with the math, science, and problem-solving skills students need to succeed in the tough and challenging economy, students must also be able to succeed in college. Angela Duckworth explains in her video how having grit can help to make students become more motivated and successful college students. Students with grit compared to students without it, have more drive, are more likely to make their brain adapt to more challenges, and will have a greater variety of career options. Without further education and training after high school, it is difficult to support a family or to earn a self-sufficient living. Unless more students of the U.S. are able to succeed i n getting a post-secondary education, they will lack the requirements needed to fill the necessary jobs our country needs to survive. Angela states in her video that â€Å"gritter† kids are more apt to carry out their goals for long periods of time. Most students persevere through simply daily task like homework or studying. However, the ones with grit tend to stay motivated for years through each obstacle they encounter until their goals are achieved. As reported by ascd.org,Show MoreRelatedGrit : Perseverance And Passion For Long Term Goals962 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle, â€Å"Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals,† by Angela L. Duckworth, Christopher Peterson, Michael D. Matthews, and Dennis R. Kelly, research and studies were conducted to display the extent of how grit is a contributing factor in the â€Å"achievement† or â€Å"success† in â€Å"vocational and avocational achievements that were recognized by other people† in comparison to â€Å"those that are primarily subjective value to the individual† (Duckworth,Peterson,Matthews, and Kelly 1087). Grit is definedRead MoreGrit : Perseverance And Passion For Long Term Goals Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesarticle Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-term Goals, by authors Angela L. Duckworth university of Pennsylvania, Christopher Peterson university of Michigan, Michael D. Matthews and Dennis R. Kelly United States military academy, west point, authors asked â€Å" why do some individuals accomplish more than others of equal intelligence†. A question that has started and drove this research, authors’ hypothesis that â€Å"one personal quality is shared by the most prominent leaders in every field: Grit†. 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In one track off the album, â€Å"The Blacker The Berry†, Lamar speaks from the perspective of a young, angry, black man who takes a confrontational and hostile stance against police brutality. From the instrumental, to the features, to Lamar’s tone, to the lyrics, everything about this song screams rebellion against harmful institutions and police whoRead MoreHigher Iq s Success Potential1472 Words   |  6 PagesHigher IQ ≠  Success Potential Individuals with higher IQs such as geniuses, do not have an increased probability of success later in life due to their intelligence alone. The mental capacity of someone with a higher IQ is not an accurate measurement of one’s potential success as it does not encompass the entire cognitive ability of someone by not measuring creative thinking, and long term projections of solutions. Geniuses do not have a higher potential of success without other necessary components

Aladdin And The Wonderful Lamp - 1345 Words

In One Thousand and One Arabian Nights, the chapter â€Å"Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp†, created by Antoine Galland, tells of a young man’s luck filled journey from the poverty of the colonized into the riches of the colonizer. Aladdin, an idle street boy is tricked by a magician into fetching a lamp for him from a cave. To help him, Aladdin receives a ring which contains a genie who helps him escape after the magician traps Aladdin. After realizing that the lamp contains a powerful genie, Aladdin uses it to become rich and win the hand of the princess. Aladdin initiates the story as a colonial subject, causing him to strive for the fortune and success of his colonizer, resulting in mimicry of the magician and the use of neocolonialism,†¦show more content†¦Previously, Aladdin is the person taken advantage of and willing to work, now the roles are reversed, and the genie takes Aladdin’s place. The genie, upon rising from the earth, already displays a characteristic from the previously â€Å"colonized† Aladdin; the genie is less than human. The genie reveals itself to be a mythocal being who exists to serve. By calling itself the slave of an object belonging to Aladdin, the genie establishes himself as less than human, giving into the status of a slave. The genie not only gives into the status of a slave, but directly addresses itself to Aladdin as a slave, showing that the genie is taking Aladdin’s place as a colonial subject. The genie is described as being able to have interchangeable owners, displayi ng the genie as weak, and powerless to defend itself from being dominated. In jealousy of Aladdin, the magician tricks Princess Badroulbadour into trading the genie’s lamp for a new lamp, and â€Å"at the magician’s command carried him [the magician], together with the palace and the Princess in it, to a lonely place in Africa† (474). Although the genie appears physically strong for carrying an entire palace across a continent, it is weak because it cannot control its power for its benefit. As a subaltern for different masters, Galland describes the genie as a being of work for its physicality, but unable to control itsShow MoreRelatedAladdin and the Wonderful Lamp1052 Words   |  5 PagesAladdin and the Wonderful Lamp In the novel â€Å"Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp† one can compare the differences of the novel to the movie. There are so many differences between the novel and the movie like for example when in the novel he falls for the princess while spying on her and in the movie it’s a totally different thing because he meets the princess in the street and than he falls for her. So basically the novel and the movie are not similar to each other and their both a lot different. Read MoreWomen s Roles Of Women1153 Words   |  5 PagesWomen play an important role in any society. However, throughout history, women are held separate and unequal to men. In â€Å"From The Thousand and One Knights, Aladdin’s Wonderful lamp† the roles of women is to find marriage and remain modest to the non-Mahram. Non-Mahram is someone who woman can marry, and someone who women should cover their self in front of. In the epic, from Sundiata, the role of women is defined only in relation ship to men who hold a high position in society and to show obedienceRead MoreThe Folly of Punishment in Nathaniel Hawthrone ´s The Scarlet Letter, Arthur Miller ´s The Crucible, and Aladdin1978 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Like So many things its is not whats outside, but what is inside that counts,† This quote comes the movie Aladdin and it is represented in many things, simple, and complex. The quote comes from the merchant and the quote describes the theme as when an individual gains enough â€Å"greed†, they disguise themselves in order to gain their desire, and can be used to describe evil and good, just like lucifer, he was in disguise of an angel but his true motives came up and down he fell, or the soldiers fightingRead MoreJealousy in Villains of Different Works1828 Words   |  8 Pages Jealousy, it is what gets the best and, of course, the worst of people. Iago in Shakespeares play Othello is one of the worst villains out there. Other villains, such as Scar in Disneys The Lion King, Jafar in Disneys Aladdin, and Mother Gothel from Disneys Tangled have closely related motives and jealous personalities. All four betray and kill for reasons they believe are going to further the lives they intend to lead after their master plans. The stem of the jealousyRead MoreKilling Lincoln : The Assassination Of President Lincoln1215 Words   |  5 Pages Unlike Lincoln, Mary is very concerned about this. Now at this point in the story, the war has ended and many people are happy and overjoyed. One Friday night, there were two plays going on, Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater and Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp at Grover’s Theater. This Friday was April 14, Lincoln and his wife went to see Our American Cousin. Prior to the play Lincoln tells his bodyguard that he thinks men want to kill him, almost as if he is foreshadowing his assassinationRead MoreThe Beauties Of Islamic Art1600 Words   |  7 Pagesalso used to create very pretty tiles that feature geometric and abstract designs. These tiles were used from builders to create decorative walls and fountains which could be found on mosque walls, domes and minarets. Glassware is made of mosque lamps, cups, glasses, bottles, vases and windows were produced with designs of animals. Colored glass windows were in many mosques and private mansions. Metalwork was an Islamic religion where they were not permitted to use precious metals to make metalRead MoreMuseum Collection Hum 2051817 Words   |  8 PagesWestern culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. These collections of tales trace their roots back to ancient Arabia and Yemen, ancient India, Persia, Egypt, Mesopotamian Mythology, Syria, and medieval Arabic folk stories. (Wikipedia, 2008) The original manuscript was never found, but several versions date the collection to around AD 800-900. Interestingly enough some of the best known stories from One Thousand and One Nights include Aladdins Wonderful Lamp, Ali Baba and the FortyRead MoreTaking a closer read at Haroun and the Sea of Stories2393 Words   |  10 Pageslarger issue. 6. Identify explain 2 archetypes in the novel. 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Spain was threw out the selection period the most likely place to be chosen but due to the insufficient acreage of the land around Barcelona area as opposed to France government was generous with incentives and showed impressive

Remote nursing Free Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Remote nursing. Answer: Introduction Due to uniqueness of health care issues occasionally witnessed in remote areas, nurses need to be well equipped in terms of advanced skills to be able to tackle the health problems that face people living in those areas. Advanced Nursing Practices requires good education and continuance development of Nurses on emerging health issues in remote and rural areas. These advanced skills help these nurses to be well informed and hence able to deliver good service to the people. Due to the dynamism in the health sector frequent training is important if these practitioners are to remain relevant in terms of delivering quality services to the rural and remote residents. Plastering Of Limbs, Management Of Eye Injuries And Advanced Life Support Skills Among the most required skills that a health officer should have while working in rural and remote area includes, plastering of limbs, management of eye injuries and advanced life support. Most people in rural and remote areas get their livelihood from farming, rearing of cattle and hunting. As a result, the issue of breaking limbs is prevalent. While farming, one may hurt him or herself with the farming tool hence causing broken limb. In rural areas there is high scarcity of water where residents have to walk for quite a long distance in such of water for their animals and their own use, some of these places where water is found is very slopy and therefore poses danger to the residents as they may slip while carrying their belongings hence causing breaking of limbs. While gathering fruits and hunting the people involved may fall while running after an animal or they may fall from treetops while gathering fruits hence breaking their limbs. As a result of the profound danger posed by this kind of lifestyle, There is need to train and equip Nurses with high specialized skills as regarding the plastering of limbs to ensure that people in remote and rural areas gets proper treatment for them to continue with their life as usual. People in rural and remotes areas use traditional form of energy. This cause emission of carbon smoke which may end up damaging their eyes. Furthermore the air in rural areas is characterized by immense dust particles or fragments that may accidently find their way in the eyes of the people living there causing eye injuries. In the view of these possible occurrences it is important that Nurses in rural and remote areas be well versed with treatment of eyes injuries. Advanced life support is a life saving skill that goes far and beyond the normal life support to include adequate airway. Its important for Nurses working in rural and remote areas be equipped with this kind of skill because most of these areas don`t have nearby hospitals. In ca se where the patients are in critical conditions that requires highly and immediate supportive medical system for him or her to atleast be evacuated to the hospital, it requires a Nurse who has this kind of skill to at least guarantee the survival of this patients before they arrive to the hospital for specialized treatment. Continous Professional Development Continuous Professional Development is pivotal to ensuring that the Nurses remain relevant in their fields of specialty in rural and remotes areas.CPD are activities that ensures professional development of a person in line with his or her line of specialization. This can comprise of attending seminars, conferences, conducting audit and critical analyses of cases handled in the field so as to come up with recommendation on how to make improvement in some areas. For the Nurses to remain upbeat in the above skills they need to be subjected to vigorous Continuous Professional Development exercise in order to guarantee their competence. It will also ensure that Nurses are able to address and handle unprecedented issues while in the field. Hence enhancing their service delivery. There a number of Continuous Professional Development resources available to rural and remote Nurses to ensure the continues improvement of their skills among them includes:1. Online learning-this is also known as e-learning this includes: power points presentation, lectures note, journals and webinars. This help the learner to have a wide variety of learning resources at ago .It is most preferred as it poses great benefit in terms of reduced additional cost, It is flexible i.e. one can switch on to internet anytime provided there is adequate network. It saves on time I.e. no time to travel. This method is good for Nurses working in shift.2.Face to face-This involves attending conferences, seminars and workshop. This may also include compulsory training offered at work places. This aid in sharpening the nurses skills and make them remain abreast and relevant in the dynamic health environment.3.Postgraduate training/programme-training is offered to the undergraduate students who are new in the field of nursing to ensure they gain the high notch experience. This training is offered partime to ensure that operation in these areas are not hampered as a result of deficit of the personnel. Challenges Faced By Continous Professional Development However the Continuous Professional Development faces a number of challenges in its implementation. Funding is one of the challenges that is faced as CPD requires funding i.e registration costs. Also to attend CPD rural and remote travelling and accommodation cost is incurred. Therefore lack of funding will automatically inhibit the actualization of CPD.Time factor is also an issue. Due to heavy workload in the remote and rural areas, nurses may lack time to attend to the CPD activities. This is further worsened when staffs are not replaced when they are away on CPD activities. Lack of proper technical support has been a problem in actualization of CPD programme as equipment and software for CPD is changing and becoming obsolete. Remote areas are characterized by poor infrastructure in terms of transport facilities; this may affect the movement of nurses to attend the CPD activities. Also lack of close education providers makes it difficult for nurses in rural areas to have proper ac cess to the programme as they have to travel a long distance to get access to the CPD classes. Conclusion From the above it can be inferred that remote nursing is paramount in ensuring that the remote and rural residents get access to the much needed proper health care.Continous Professional Development is imperative in ensuring that these practitioners remain upbeat as far as emerging health issue in remote and rural areas is concerned. This will ensure that remote nurses are proactive as opposed to reactive. Proper education facilities should be developed to ensure easy access of CPD by the remote nurses; this should include making huge investment in terms of human and physical resources. The challenges facing the implementation of CPD should be addressed. Funding should be availed to promote the CPD.Supportive facilities should also be established in the remote areas to support the nurses working in those harsh conditions. References Bertulis R, Cheeseborough J:(2008) The Royal College of Nursings information needs survey of nurses and health professionals. Cote D.M:(2007) A survey of British Columbia Family Physicians and Nurses expereinces with Continuing Proefessional Development and Technology.Columbia British Columbia University: Simon Fraser University. Davids J.M (2006) Continuing Professional Development in Nursing. Stellenbosch: Univeristy of Stellenbosch Doyle .C (2006): Methods of continuing professional education preferred by Irish pediatric nurses Drey N, Gould D, Allan T (2009): The relationship between continuing professional education and commitment to nursing. Fleet LJ, Kirby F, Cutler S, Dunikowski L, Nasmith L, Shaughnessy R:(2008) Continuing professional development and social accountability: a review of the literature. Journal Of Interprofessional Care Gould D, Fontenla M (2006): Strategies to recruit and retain the nursing workforce in England: a telephone interview study. Chipchase LS, Johnston V, Long PD (2012): Continuing professional development: Dickerson PS (2010): Continuing nursing education: enhancing professional development. Dixon D, Takhar J, Macnab J, Eadie J, Lockyer J, Stenerson H, Franois J, Bell M, Monette C, Campbell C (2011): Controlling quality in CME/CPD by measuring and illuminating bias.

Woman intimacy and friendship with the appearance of social media

Social media has provided a platform for women to communicate about intimacy in a way that was never possible before. Across all races and gender, social media has promoted cohesion by driving spontaneous affection, intimacy and informality (Zacharias and Arthurs 214).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Woman intimacy and friendship with the appearance of social media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A majority of studies reveal more women than men use social sites. It has also been deduced that consumers of such media are always in the lookout for similarities with others users that promote â€Å"at home† feeling. Such similarities may include gender, age, location, race/ethnicity, and education (Zacharias and Arthurs 214). Examples of social media include social networking sites, online communities and blogs (Zacharias and Arthurs 197). For intimate groups such as lesbians, online communities provide a refu ge from outside homophobia. Aside from protection, they are also offer ground for contestation, debate, identity formation and reinforcement, self exclusion and even bigotry (Zacharias and Arthurs 203). Social sites have appealed more to women because it has provided them with a platform to explore issues and make personal contributions free from censure of the rest the world (Zacharias and Arthurs 221). However there some who argue that women have not adequately or even attempted to harness the power of such ubiquitous and powerful medium to champion their course and bring lasting change (Zacharias and Arthurs 221). The anonymity provided by the social media makes this medium very appealing to both women and men as they are able to â€Å"reconstruct† themselves to a level they deem â€Å"cool† enough to garner more desired responses. Because this may not be practical in real life, social media thus come out as a viable tool to challenge established norms in regard to gender especially in a conservative society.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the present times it is popular for friendship and intimacy to be conducted online. This kind of relation contrasts the traditional physical type in that it is characterized by constant monitoring by friends and colleagues (Zacharias and Arthurs 208). In this context, to be friendly means updating your status with photos, text post, events among other features of the particular medium one may be using. Typical social media such social networking sites require users to input personal details. This information can be exploited by third parties for commercial gains. In largely patriarchal societies, women are rising to challenge male dominance using the social tools of the internet. Even in conservative societies women have taken to presenting obviously controversial views via the web. Of course s uch moves always elicit strong reactions but altogether it has served to bring to the fore the revolutionary power of the internet. Women have used the social media to display intimacy with unprecedented boldness. Lesbians, bisexuals, gays and transgender individuals have embraced social media to connect with their likes and lay bare their lifestyles to the general public. Friends and lover are aggressively sought online. Communication is also virtually online and physical contact, if it happens; occur long after the first encounter. This kind of relationship relies solely on loyalty; that the other person is who he/she claims to be. Once a relationship is established it is maintained through chat, posts, emails, discussion forums, voice/video calls among others. Most women participants in social media belong to the university -educated and affluent backgrounds.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Woman intimacy and friendship with the appearance of social media s pecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are tolerant to members of their online communities even though sometimes online talk may exacerbate to harsh exchanges (Zacharias and Arthurs 212). Designers of social media have realized their appeal to women and have endeavored to import more â€Å"terrestrial† features online through virtual gifts, hugs, kisses and even lovemaking to make them as accommodating as possible. The ever rising number of women socializing online perhaps points to their contentment with the offerings of such media. This may result in serious implications on young women. As MacRobbie has pointed out, they may miss on major event of life such as finding a life partner and raising children (262). Sisterhood and non-sexual relationship between women I am of the opinion that sisterhood and non-sexual relationship between women represent one of the closest intimacies between persons. This type of relationship is not superficial. It is grounded firmly on the dependence on each other and the notion of having a â€Å"shoulder to lean on† in difficult times. Both parties are the confiding partners to each other and are free to share the most intimate of personal details. I also believe the allegiance and commitment in such relationships are much stronger than any similar blood relationship could be. Such relationships also tend to have lasting effects on a woman. This is because such partners influence the other’s choice of say boyfriend, house, car, career etc. Discussion questions Discuss factors contributing to the waning of feminism campaign in the late twentieth century. Compare and contrast the impact of social media in men and women since the beginning of twenty first century. Works Cited MacRobbie, Angela â€Å"Post-feminism and Popular Culture.† Feminist Media Studies. 4.3 (2004):255-264.Web.12 Nov.2011. Zacharias,Usha, and Jane Arthurs.†Commentary and Criticis m: The New Architectures of Intimacy? Social networking sites and genders.† Feminist Media Studies.8.2 (2008):197-223.Web 12 Nov.2011. This essay on Woman intimacy and friendship with the appearance of social media was written and submitted by user Chelsea Ellison to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.